Name: 
 

Chapter 6: New Directions in Theorizing about Youth Crime and Delinquency


Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
 

 1. 
Compared to positivistic thinking about crime, the critical perspective in criminology tends to:
a.
seek to discover the “cause” of criminal and deviant behaviour.
b.
focus more on power relations and social control.
c.
seeks to explain why people would engage in criminal behaviour.
d.
avoid asking questions about crime and criminalization processes.
e.
all of the above.
 

 2. 
Decarceration policies were heavily influenced and supported by:
a.
positivistic theory.
b.
conflict theory.
c.
labelling theory.
d.
power-control theory.
e.
feminist theory.
 

 3. 
According to liberal conflict theory, who among the following are more likely than others to find their behaviour criminalized?
a.
the poor.
b.
minorities.
c.
youth.
d.
crooked politicians.
e.
all of the above except d.
 

 4. 
Theories can be integrated by:
a.
absorbing similar concepts.
b.
integrating common concepts.
c.
integrating propositions in different theories.
d.
all of the above.
e.
none of the above.
 

 5. 
Burgess and Akers reformulated Sutherland’s theory and the learning principles from behaviourist psychology to formulate their theory of criminal behaviour which they called:
a.
differential association-reinforcement theory.
b.
self-derogation theory.
c.
interactional theory.
d.
opportunity theory.
e.
differential oppression.
 

 6. 
According to Regoli and Hewitt’s theory of differential oppression, the children most at risk of the destructive aspects of “relational oppression” are those who are:
a.
defiant of adult and other authority figures.
b.
not doing well in school and have failing grades.
c.
obedient out of a fear of losing approval, or of the adult withdrawing affection.
d.
in a family situation where there are poor parenting skills.
e.
already Ain trouble” with the law and are therefore “known” to the police.
 

 7. 
For opportunity theory, the important theoretical question to be answered is:
a.
why did this particular person commit this particular crime?
b.
why did a particular criminal event happen?
c.
why is a particular behaviour defined as “criminal”?
d.
what is the process whereby a particular person becomes a “criminal”?
e.
what are the factors that prevent a person from committing a crime?
 

 8. 
While early criminology theory tended to ignore girls, more recent versions still make girls “invisible” through the use of:
a.
sexist language.
b.
misogynous terms.
c.
androgynous terms.
d.
gender specific concepts.
e.
“politically correct” terminology.
 

 9. 
The argument that low rates of crime among women and girls, relative to men and boys, is because women and girls are less likely to be caught and processed and that people are less likely to report their behaviour to the police is referred to in criminology as the:
a.
chivalry hypothesis.
b.
liberation hypothesis.
c.
labelling hypothesis.
d.
feminist hypothesis.
e.
“politicaly correct” position.
 

 10. 
In learning the lessons of caring, girls are pressured to care in which of the following way(s):
a.
to be the major and primary providers of love and nurture.
b.
to restrict caring for themselves to “looking nice and being nice”.
c.
to not “make a fuss”.
d.
to make a boyfriend their primary object of caring.
e.
all of the above.
 



 
Check Your Work     Start Over