Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the
statement or answers the question.
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1.
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With regard to discretion and decision-making, the YCJA requires police
to:
a. | formally charge all youth when a complaint has been made against
them. | b. | consider if a warning is sufficient response to a youth’s
behaviour. | c. | invalidate subsequent charges if they have failed to first caution or warn a youth
suspected of committing a criminal offence. | d. | charge all young offenders on a second
offence. | e. | caution or warn all young offenders on a first
offence. |
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2.
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Research evidence confirms that the “legal” factor(s) most likely to
affect police decisions to lay a charge is/are:
a. | seriousness of the offence. | b. | prior arrest record. | c. | race/ethnicity. | d. | all of the above. | e. | a and
b. |
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3.
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While there is considerable evidence that legal factors have an effect on police
charging, it is extremely difficult to separate some of these factors, particularly prior record,
from extralegal factors such as:
a. | seriousness of the offence. | b. | social class. | c. | race/ethnicity. | d. | all of the above. | e. | a and
b. |
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4.
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Research in Toronto found which of the following factor(s) to significantly
affect police decisions:
a. | offence seriousness. | b. | previous police contacts. | c. | a youth’s
demeanour when apprehended. | d. | victim’s requests. | e. | all of the
above. |
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5.
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Age and sex of offenders affects police decision making in that police
are:
a. | more likely to respond harshly to girls involved in serious
offences. | b. | less likely to arrest girls involved in minor offences. | c. | less likely to
arrest younger girls. | d. | less likely to use age as a discretionary
factor in their decision making with respect to boys. | e. | all of the
above. |
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6.
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The idea of diversion was introduced to the Canadian juvenile justice system
with the:
a. | JDA. | b. | YOA. | c. | YCJA. | d. | all of the
above. |
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7.
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The principle of diversion under the YOA, along with its resultant policies and
programs, is referred to as
and is supported by the principle of
:
a. | alternative measures; least possible interference. | b. | least possible
interference; alternative measures. | c. | extrajudicial measures; extrajudicial
sanctions. | d. | extrajudicial sanctions; extrajudicial measures. | e. | formal diversion;
alternative measures. |
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8.
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Diversionary provisions under the YCJA are significantly different from those
under the YOA in that the YCJA:
a. | does not actively promote the diversion of youth from formal processing and the
courts. | b. | weakens the potential for implementing restorative justice principles in diversion
programs. | c. | establishes that diverting youth from police action and courts is not “doing
nothing”. | d. | prevents the use of diversion for repeat offenders. | e. | all of the
above. |
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9.
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Which of the following statement(s) is/are true regarding diversionary
measures?
a. | Youth Justice Committees were widely used under the YOA. | b. | Most provinces use a
post-charge system of entering youth to diversionary measures programs. | c. | Youth are not
required to admit responsibility for an offence before entering a diversionary measures
program. | d. | Formalizing diversion reduces the tendency to “widen the net” of social
control. | e. | none of the above. |
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10.
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Across the country, diversionary measures referral rates range from
and success rates from
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a. | 16% to 36%; 80% to 98%. | b. | 80% to 98%; 16% to 36%. | c. | 2% to 16%; 54% to
62%. | d. | 54% to 62%; 64% to 82%. | e. | 64% to 82%; 54% to
62%. |
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